In the very early, very hot moments of the universe, the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces were actually the same force—the electroweak interaction. Scientists can now study this interaction ...

Electroweak burning is the energy released from the conversion of heavier, subatomic particles called quarks (that eventually can turn into protons and neutrons) to lighter, subatomic particles called ...

Steven Weinberg ’54, the theoretical physicist whose Nobel prize-winning work transformed scientists’ understanding of fundamental forces, died on July 23. He was 88. “[His work] is basically the ...

Today, the universe as we know it is governed by four fundamental forces: the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, electromagnetism, and gravity. However, these four forces aren’t exactly as ...