In a recent study published in the journal PNAS, researchers demonstrated higher comparative efficacy of the intranasal (IN) route of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine administration versus ...

“They often affect both herd profitability and animal welfare.” Injection-site lesions are typically made of scar tissue that forms in the muscle or subcutaneous tissue following an injection. The ...

Vaccines, injectable antibiotics and any other injectable products should always be administered properly to minimize tissue residues, injection site lesions, adverse reactions and side effects.

Medicating large production animals, such as sows, individually can be challenging, especially when repeated treatments are needed. Intramuscular (i.m.) injections have been shown to be aversive, and ...