To produce high-quality cement, the mineralogical and chemical composition of raw materials, as well as of intermediate and finished products, needs to be determined. At each stage of the production ...

X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the most important and widely used methods for determining surface chemistry of materials. Cryo-XPS, where the sample is cooled to temperatures below ...

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Representative sampling and random sampling ...